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d. only one factorstress or predispositionis necessary for abnormality to occur. The cognitive model of panic disorder focuses on misinterpretations of. c. axons. This is an example of: Providing treatment as soon as it is needed so problems that are moderate or worse do not become long-term issues is called: Failure to treat many people with severe disturbances appropriately is MOST often a problem with which level of prevention? In Module 3, we will discuss diagnosing and classifying abnormal behavior from the perspective of the DSM-5-TR (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, Text-Revision). Life involves a degree of uncertainty, and at times we must accept this. as part of their daily life and this can lead to disordered behavior (Lo & Cheng, 2014; Jones, Cross, & DeFour, 2007; Satcher, 2001), though some research suggests that ethnic identity can buffer against these stressors and protect mental health (Mossakowski, 2003). 2.3.2.4. Gambling disorder is a manifestation of the previously desirable behavior of being a risk taker. Which is a goal of acceptance and commitment therapy? d. Genes do not interact with the environment. Thorndike also said that stimulus and responses were connected by the organism, and this led to learning. b. ego. A self-help group differs from group therapy in that the self-help group: a. focuses on less serious problems. d. past traumatic experiences. The second major CBT strategy is called cognitive coping skills training. a. modeling. b. sociocultural This form of behavior therapy is widely used in clinical, business, and classroom situations. The biological model of psychology says that psychological disorders are caused by biological problems. A health care provider prescribes disulfiram (Antabuse) for a client with alcoholism. Mason's parents always pay special attention to him when he takes toys from his little sister. 79. Armed with this stunning revelation, Pavlov spent the rest of his career investigating the learning phenomenon. Within the context of psychopathology, the behavioral perspective is useful because explains maladaptive behavior in terms of learning gone awry. a. Consider the following: In relation to men: While mental illnesses affect both men and women, the prevalence of mental illnesses in men is often lower than women. In this case, extinction continues. Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socio-economic background. 76. Which statement regarding the outcomes of couple therapy is FALSE? Both types of instincts are sources of stimulation in the body and create a state of tension that is unpleasant, thereby motivating us to reduce them. c. operant conditioning. d. An investigators preferred paradigm influences how they interpret research findings. It has several structures in common with all cells in the body. Contingencies in Operant Conditioning. c. Sessions are primarily conducted in a virtual environment. Communication in the nervous system. a. cognitive-behavioral b. sociocultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 10. c. sociocultural. She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. However, keep in mind that we do not model everything we see. How does the humanistic perspective approach psychopathology? If my mother or father consumes alcohol to feel better when things are tough, and it works, then I might do the same. If a client-centered therapist were treating a very anxious woman, the therapist would try to: a. point out the clients misconceptions. 86. b. give insightful interpretations of the clients statements. c. maintenance. A theorist who believes that the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormality comes from which paradigm? 33. For more on the link between cortisol and depression, check out this article: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-athletes-way/201301/cortisol-why-the-stress-hormone-is-public-enemy-no-1. Ashley is a pole-vaulter ready to go for her event. 157. 12. Terms in this set (124) Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socio-economic background. 27. This person is an A student but does not like being right under the nose of the professor, especially if he/she tends to spit when lecturing. Marvin is very afraid of dogs. d. bipolar disorder. b. brain stimulation. Depression occurs with greater frequency in women than men. Abnormality results from the interaction of genetic, emotional, and cultural influences. b. secondary prevention. Hence, this phenomenon is called spontaneous recovery. 24. Describe how the biological model explains mental illness. David Rosenhan sent pseudopatients to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. d. damage control. The self-actualization motive plays an important part in human functioning, according to: A therapist who describes her client as someone who has yet to fulfill his or her full potential, rather than as someone with a disorder, is MOST likely what kind of theorist? Abnormal chemical activity in the bodys endocrine system relates to the release of: a. hormones. Why is this? PSYC 203 Chapter 2: Models of Abnormality, Week 12: CNS Drugs Neurodegenerative, Neurolo, Week 11: PNS Drugs (Cholinergic, Adrenergic). They are tied to experiences early in life. According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that guides us to know when we can and cannot express our impulses is the: A patient with a controlling mother is undergoing therapy. The results of this study led him to conclude that _____ greatly affects mental illness. b. increase feelings of gratitude and decrease feelings of fear. Soon, the patient begins seeking the therapist's approval for all types of decisions, rather than just making the decisions herself. 77. c. identified an external source as the cause of abnormal behavior. 120. Since then, I haven't been able to swim in a lake. The MOST likely consequence of having acquired conditions of worth is: a. social isolation. The axon terminals are the end of the axon where the electrical impulse becomes a chemical message and passes to an adjacent neuron. b. Rogers. If a behavior is not memorable, it will not be imitated. d. psychodynamic. Chief among these are neurotransmitter imbalances. Second, we must remember what a model does to imitate it. 48. This is an example of: c. Beck. The brain stimulation technique that uses an electromagnetic coil placed on or above a persons head to send electrical current into certain areas of the brain is called: a. vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). Other examples will be discussed throughout this book. a. Existential therapy is very new, and there hasnt yet been enough time to conduct thorough research. a. Infections can cause brain damage and lead to the development of mental illness or exacerbate existing symptoms. Essentially, they wanted to explore the possibility of conditioning various types of emotional response(s). The researchers ran a series of trials in which they exposed a 9-month-old child, known as Little Albert, to a white rat. Right? 82. The orientation of the author of this quote is MOST likely: a. cognitive-behavioral. According to psychoanalysts, if a patient relives past repressed feelings, that patient is said to have experienced: A patient sees a therapist to help her address her eating disorder. A patient has loss of neurons in the cortex and the basal ganglia. Anti-anxiety medications such as benzodiazepines are effective in relieving anxiety and take effect more quickly than the antidepressant medications (or buspirone) often prescribed for anxiety. She is constantly looking to friends and family members for help with these decisions and gets anxious when she has to decide alone. b. existential. Amelia has been told that her course of therapy is likely to take a year or more because it involves the reshaping of her personality and that takes many sessions. For example, some women may experience symptoms of mental disorders at times of hormone change, such as perinatal depression, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and perimenopause-related depression. Maladaptive cognitions. Is there merit to this view? A patient has social anxiety disorder. Postconditioning, or after learning has occurred, establishes a new and not naturally occurring relationship of a conditioned stimulus (CS; previously the NS) and conditioned response (CR; the same response). c. existential. Finally, respondent conditioning has several properties: 2.3.2.3. Todays techniques are much more sophisticated and have been used to treat schizophrenia, depression, and some personality and anxiety disorders. Both the id and the ego: a. unconsciously seek gratification. Transcribed image text: model Curl Rogers and Abraham Maslow focused on the psychological roots of abnormal behavior and the need of human for velf acceptance. a. long-term memory b. numerical and spatial reasoning c. autonomic nervous system functioning d. feelings of social connectedness among teens, 105. How does the cognitive model approach psychopathology? Did it start again and your parents could not figure out why? The behavioral model concerns the cognitive process of learning, which is any relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience and practice. Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to: a. genetic make-up. c. people are driven to self-actualize. What happened to that bad behavior that had disappeared? 71. a. multicultural b. biological c. humanistic d. cognitive-behavioral, 136. In other words, they present themselves in a favorable light. Would you want notes from the student in the front or back of the class? They are a means of reprocessing information necessary for survival. 75. 2.3.2.1. Many disorders have genetic roots, are a result of hormonal imbalances, or caused by viral infections such as strep. c. the conscious mind. Source: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/index.shtml. Another respondent conditioning way to unlearn a fear is called flooding or exposing the person to the maximum level of stimulus and as nothing aversive occurs, the link between CS and UCS producing the CR of fear should break, leaving the person unafraid. d. discounted the concept of abnormality and focused on acceptance. Which type of theorist would focus on the athletes illogical thinking process as a key factor in her subsequent poor performance? The critical thing to understand here is that there is a belief in the realm of mental health that chemical imbalances are responsible for many mental disorders. A therapist who believes people often hide from their responsibilities and therefore often feel alienated, depressed, and inauthentic would MOST likely be described as: The proper conclusion from research studies that show a relationship between devout religious people who see God as warm and caring and psychological health is that: people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier. Horowitz (2008) found that rates of SAD are just 1% for those living in Florida while 9% of Alaskans are diagnosed with the disorder. The biological treatment known as psychosurgery would MOST likely be used in the treatment of a patient with: a severe disorder and who has not responded to any other therapies over years of treatment. b. These two cases demonstrate what principle of developmental psychopathology? Which statement is TRUE regarding electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)? c. psychodynamic. c. sociocultural As such, we will need to establish a foundation for how communication in the nervous system occurs, what the parts of the nervous system are, what a neuron is and its structure, how neural transmission occurs, and what the parts of the brain are. The person in the back could also be shy and prefer sitting there so that s/he does not need to chat with others as much. c. paradigms. b. behavioral-focused You're likely receiving a message that encourages you to question your own interpretations and the accuracy of those interpretations. d. classical conditioning. A boy believes that he is deserving of love only when he earns good grades. The force that is in control in this example is the: a. id. Elevated levels of this hormone can lead to several problems, including increased weight gain, interference with learning and memory, reduced bone density, high cholesterol, and an increased risk of depression. Which statement about paradigms is FALSE? As you might expect, the behavior will begin to weaken and eventually stop when this occurs. d. self-aware. Similarly, the overproduction of the hormone melatonin can lead to SAD. Still, the sociocultural model suffers from unclear findings and not allowing for the establishment of causal relationships, reliance on more qualitative data gathered from case studies and ethnographic analyses (one such example is Zafra, 2016), and an inability to make predictions about abnormal behavior for individuals. 103. d. develop depression that requires hospitalization. A) The humanistic-existential model B) The family-social perspective C) The cognitive model D) The psychodynamic model B The model of abnormality that focuses on the role of values and choices in behavior is the _____ model. This was a positive punisher that did not have to be learned, and definitely not one of my finer moments in life. 146. c. gestalt 2.3.1.5. In terms of the biological model, neurotransmitters, brain structures, hormones, genes, and viral infections were identified as potential causes of mental illness and three treatment options were given. If a person is used to receiving reinforcement every time they perform a particular behavior, and then suddenly no reinforcer is delivered, he or she will cease the response immediately. c. Each paradigm is complete in itself. c. result of childhood trauma. c. Two-thirds of treated couples achieve marital satisfaction by the end of therapy. b. a severe mental illness and who is not a candidate for brain stimulation therapy. 53. In fact, in many college classrooms, this is exactly what the instructor does. The humanistic perspective. c. operant conditioning. c. deep brain stimulation. 108. Freud believed that consciousness had three levels 1) consciousness which was the seat of our awareness, 2) preconscious that included all of our sensations, thoughts, memories, and feelings, and 3) the unconscious, which was not available to us. Evaluate the usefulness of psychodynamic theory. Neural transmission. A behavioral psychologist would say that the temper tantrums result from: Which form of therapy helps clients recognize errors in logic and try out new interpretations of events? b. c. poverty is a stressor that contributes to dysfunction. An important factor to consider when prescribing drugs for the treatment of abnormality would be that: some people do not benefit from drug treatments. c. gestalt therapy. Clarify how multicultural factors affect mental illness. With each subsequent escape and re-insertion into the box, the cat became faster at correctly manipulating the levers. 81. a. id b. superego c. self d. ego. Here are the models we will examine in this module: You should have learned the following in this section: Proponents of the biological model view mental illness as being a result of a malfunction in the body to include issues with brain anatomy or chemistry. d. projection. Techniques might include weighing the pros and cons of fighting uncertainty or change. In terms of psychological perspectives, Freuds psychodynamic theory; the learning-related research of Watson, Skinner, and Bandura and Rotter; the cognitive model; and the humanistic and existential perspectives were discussed. e. Models of abnormality are general hypotheses as to the nature of psychological abnormalities. These therapies have proven efficacy for the treatment of depression (Kalibatseva & Leong, 2014) and schizophrenia (Naeem et al., 2015). c. primary process thought. Humans have several of these reflexes, though not as many as other animals due to our more complicated nervous system. 44. d. researching the effectiveness of the therapy. What if you found out that a friend who sits in the front row is a C student but sits there because he cannot see the screen or board, even with corrective lenses? c. unconditional positive regard. d. synapses. c. feminist therapy. They are sexual in nature. The earlier that treatment begins, the more effective it can be., https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/men-and-mental-health/index.shtml, In relation to women: Some disorders are more common in women such as depression and anxiety. b. focusing on the here and now. c. alter illogical thinking patterns and reduce avoidance behaviors. 55. When Mathias did not get a job for which he applied, he was sure that everything was going wrong, that his life was completely off track. It regulates the bodys rate of metabolism and so how energetic people are. d. fixation. Examples of secondary punishers include a ticket for speeding, losing television or video game privileges, ridicule, or a fee for paying your rent or credit card bill late. a. depression b. Huntingtons disease c. social anxiety disorder d. schizophrenia. a. psychodynamic b. cognitive c. humanistic-existential d. behavioral, 60. c. take responsibility for harmful behavioral patterns. Critics of the behavioral perspective point out that it oversimplifies behavior and often ignores inner determinants of behavior. Current multicultural perspectives are MOST likely to focus on the: a. inferiority of particular cultural groups. b. rationalization. The objective of the Human Genome Project was to: a. clone a mammal. 45. Hence, they experience conditional positive regard. It sends brief electrical currents through the brain, stimulating a seizure. The goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy is BEST described as: modifying the client's negative behavior and dysfunctional ways of thinking. Outside of biological and psychological factors on mental illness, race, ethnicity, gender, religious orientation, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, etc. Someone who studies the _____ model of abnormality focuses on how values and choices affect behavior. She could see the answers of the person next to her and briefly considered copying his answers. The person may think the schedule has simply changed. We may think so, but a review of the evidence for and against this statement will show that it does not and reduce how threatening it seems. Can our schemas lead us astray or be false? 13. d. humanistic. How so? They also have not developed much in the way of theory, and the perspectives tend to work best with people suffering from adjustment issues and not as well with severe mental illness. Hormones are important to psychologists because they manage the nervous system and body tissues at certain stages of development and activate behaviors such as alertness or sleepiness, sexual behavior, concentration, aggressiveness, reaction to stress, and a desire for companionship. c. They are only a problem when they reach consciousness. They include Lisdexamfetamine, the combination of dextroamphetamine and amphetamine, and Methylphenidate. The goal is for the client to examine their own feelings and thoughts with openness and acceptance. Students also viewed PSY 381 Chapter 2 158. b. unconditional self-regard. d. Not enough therapists practice existential therapy to make it worth researching. Describe the role of hormonal imbalances in mental illness. David Rosenhan sent pseudopatients to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. What is that factor? Consider where students sit in a class. c. overgeneralization. As a result, he developed a positive and generous attitude toward the world. d. psychodynamic. a. existential b. humanistic c. sociocultural d. behavior-focused, 139. More on this throughout the book as we discuss each disorder. Masons parents always pay special attention to him when he takes toys from his little sister. A man has cheated on his partner and he feels very guilty, but soon he begins to make excuses, saying that his partner has nagged him for years. With regard to assessing the effectiveness of the various models of abnormality, which model BEST lends itself to laboratory testing? b. anxiety disorders. Rates of SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder) are four times greater in women than men. Both groups were frustrated when deprived of the coveted toy. The strategies arise from all three learning models. Charlotte feels a knot in her stomach when she enters a hospital to visit an ailing aunt. Often, proponents of a given model find themselves in disagreement with proponents of other models. The BEST explanation for this trend is that these theories: focused on a positive message and living a meaningful life. Albert Bandura conducted pivotal research on observational learning, and you likely already know all about it. For more on these techniques, visit http://cogbtherapy.com/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-exercises/. a. c. ego. These words have no affective connotation to them, meaning they do not imply good or bad. But did you ever go to your grandparents house and grandma or grandpaor worse, BOTHtook pity on you and let you play your video games (or something equivalent)? c. identify the client's unreasonable ideas and feelings. This should sound much like what you just read about in terms of Thorndikes work. Consider hunger, and the associated rumbling of our stomach, fatigue, lack of energy, etc., that motivates us to find and eat food. Biological psychologists or neuropsychologists treat the underlying problems in the. d. acceptance and commitment, 97. b. accepting problematic thoughts. Abnormal psychology is a branch of psychology that deals with psychopathology and abnormal behavior, often in a clinical context. c. psychodynamic-gestalt. d. countertransference. Little Albert made no response outside of curiosity (NSNR not shown). a. psychodynamic b. multicultural c. cognitive d. humanistic. c. extended psychoanalytic therapy. b. cultural. 111. The greatest strength or appeal of the behavioral model is that its tenets are easily tested in the laboratory, unlike those of the psychodynamic model. c. ineffective treatment options. However, one afternoon I was bitten on the foot by something in the water. The procedure is still the most controversial available to mental health professionals due to its effectiveness vs. the side effects, the objectivity of ECT experts, and the recent increase in ECT as a quick and easy solution, instead of long-term psychotherapy or hospitalization (https://www.mhanational.org/ect). 162. Its popularity has declined since the 1960s and 1970s. A friend recommends this therapy. d. displacement. b. helping the client develop a stronger sense of self and rational thinking. d. classical conditioning. Research on the relationship between religious beliefs and psychological health shows that people: who are devout and see God as caring and helpful are the healthiest. A family systems theorist might suggest that Robin comes from a(n) _____ family. The neural impulse proceeds across the following steps: Lets look at the electrical portion of the process in another way and add some detail. ChaeWoo has been participating in weekly therapy for several years. Of course, most people do not experience this but instead are made to feel that they can only be loved and respected if they meet certain standards, called conditions of worth. Humanists would say that an individual who cares about others and who is spontaneous, courageous, and independent is: a. authentic. Other examples of secondary reinforcers include praise, a smile, getting money for working or earning good grades, stickers on a board, points, getting to go out dancing, and getting out of an exam if you are doing well in a class. New evidence suggests nerve cell connections, nerve cell growth, and the functioning of nerve circuits have a major impact on depression and areas that play a significant role in depression are the amygdala, the thalamus, and the hippocampus. Also, individuals with borderline personality disorder have been shown to have structural and functional changes in brain areas associated with impulse control and emotional regulation, while imaging studies reveal differences in the frontal cortex and subcortical structures for those suffering from OCD. Joanie has social anxiety. However, critics cite obvious ethical issues with conducting such surgeries as well as scientific issues. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality?, Which of the following is a particular strength of the clinical interview process?, Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to:, What requires a client to view one inkblot card at a time and describe what he or she sees in the image? Still, cognitive-behavioral therapies have proven their efficacy for the treatment of OCD (McKay et al., 2015), perinatal depression (Sockol, 2015), insomnia (de Bruin et al., 2015), bulimia nervosa (Poulsen et al., 2014), hypochondriasis (Olatunji et al., 2014), and social anxiety disorder (Leichsenring et al., 2014) to name a few. To do this, the client must be aware of the distressing thoughts, when they occur, and their effect on them. In the case of when, it will be either fixed or at a set rate, or variable and at a rate that changes. Most people who receive couple therapy report no real improvement in their functioning. c. humanistic-existential Annually, approximately 100,000 undergo ECT to treat conditions such as severe depression, acute mania, suicidality, and some forms of schizophrenia. In Panel B, we see that a neutral stimulus (NS) produces no response. What treatments are available to clinicians courtesy of the biological model of psychopathology? a. Dysfunction b. How is the anatomy of the brain important to a discussion of psychopathology? Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality? _____ theory focuses on observable and conscious behaviors, whereas _____ theory focuses on unconscious processes. Hence, we advocate for a multi-dimensional and not a uni-dimensional model. b. exposure c. social networks. It is present at birth, completely unconscious, and operates on the pleasure principle, resulting in selfishly seeking immediate gratification of our needs no matter what the cost. How effective is the sociocultural model at explaining psychopathology and its treatment. Which of the following exemplify secondary prevention? A biological theorist studies a psychological disorder through the interconnectivity of an entire network of brain structures. A reliance on medication for treatment and a belief that psychological illness is. 2.2.1.5. How so? The cognitive model made up for an apparent deficit in the behavioral model overlooking the role cognitive processes play in our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Recall that a neuron is usually at resting potential and polarized. c. replace problematic behaviors with more appropriate ones. 113. Possible side effects include loss of appetite, headache, motor or verbal tics, and personality changes such as appearing emotionless. d. lend itself easily to research. Our life instincts, or Eros, are manifested through it and are the creative forces that sustain life. Hypnosis was used at first and relieved her symptoms, as it had done for many patients (See Module 1). Evaluate the usefulness of the behavioral model. With its emphasis on abstract human values and responsibility, the humanistic-existential model does all of the following EXCEPT: a. resonate with many people who are eager to explore these issues. 35. Finally, the sociocultural model indicated the role of socioeconomic, gender, environmental, and multicultural factors on abnormal behavior. Does extinction happen as soon as the anticipated reinforcer is removed? According to family systems theory, this family is characterized by: Which statement would a family systems theorist MOST likely agree with? Second, transference is the process through which patients transfer attitudes he/she held during childhood to the therapist. Which form of therapy helps clients recognize errors in logic and try out new interpretations of events? b. classic Freudian psychotherapy. d. transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Imagine that you subscribe to the sociocultural model of abnormality. 46. But women may experience these illnesses differently certain symptoms may be more common in women than in men, and the course of the illness can be affected by the sex of the individual. According to psychoanalysis, which statement is TRUE of psychological conflicts? A theorist who believes that the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormality comes from which paradigm? d. It focuses on educational goals rather than therapeutic purposes. Behaviorism has also been accused of being mechanistic and seeing people as machines. d. humanists. Im here for you. A therapist who would say this as a primary part of the therapy process would MOST probably be following the _____ tradition. Individuals who are in a long-term relationship. Types include habituation, or when we simply stop responding to repetitive and harmless stimuli in our environment such as a fan running in your laptop as you work on a paper, and sensitization, or when our reactions are increased due to a strong stimulus, such as an individual who experienced a mugging and now panics when someone walks up behind him/her on the street. With mindfulness-based therapy techniques, clients would MOST likely be encouraged to: a. focus on setting goals for the future. Social Sciences; Psychology; Psychology questions and answers; which statement about catergorical vs dimensions models of abnormal behavior is true?A categorial models capture the complexity of mental disorders btter than dimensional modelsB Dimensional models better reflect nature/ reality of disorders than categorial onesC Catergorial models capture the severitu of mental disorders while .